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1 Introduction
Chuquicamata is now part of the Chilean national copper company Kodelco. It is one of the largest porphyry copper- molybdenum deposits in the world to date. Molybdenum production accounts for more than 65% of Chile's total production and supplies more than 19% of world molybdenum production. Located in the Andes Mountains in northeastern Chile, at an altitude of 2830m, in 1915, large-scale development of copper began. In July 1958, he began to recover molybdenum, as of March 1976, 16 years to produce 38kt of molybdenum metal amount of molybdenum concentrate. The existing mining capacity is 84kt/d ore with a beneficiation capacity of 70kt/d.
2. Deposits, ores and mining
The mine has three ore bodies, Chuquicamata, Chuqui South, and Qiuji North. The North Mine is an independent porphyry copper deposit with proven reserves of 500 Mt and an average copper content of 0.7-0.9%, which has not yet been developed. The South Mine is all oxidized ore, with a proven ore reserve of 170 Mt and an average copper content of 1.5%. The molybdenum is mainly in Chuquicamata. Chuquicamata is one of the world's largest porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits with a fine vein-disseminated structure. The ore body is 3600m long from north to south, about 1200m wide from east to west, and the control depth is above 1000m. The ore body extends in a wedge shape and most of it is present in the porphyry body. The existing reserves of about 10000Mt ore, a total of about 60Mt of copper metal control, specifically the upper (deep 400m) ore reserves of 1200Mt, the average copper content of 1%, the lower control depth of 800m, the ore reserves of 8000Mt, the average copper content of 0.6%. The primary sulphide ore belt is located in the lower part of the secondary enrichment zone and is the main part of the porphyry copper ore body. The ore chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, enargite, etc., uniform grade copper, between 0.6% to 0.8%. In the central part of the ore body of strong sericite alteration of the Fangyou Hui molybdenum ore enrichment, the average grade of 0.032% molybdenum.
The presence of molybdenum in the ore body is due to the early hydrothermal alteration of sericite with potassium alteration, when the quartz - silica mica belt produces strong mineralization of molybdenum, chalcopyrite and porphyrite. Molybdenum is present in the fracture zone, in the upper layer of the vulcanization zone, and is impregnated in various quartz veins.
In the upper layer of the vulcanization zone, molybdenum is a molybdate, the most important of which is molybdenum copper [Cu 3 (MoO 4 ) 2 OH] and iron molybdenum [Fe 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 · 8H 2 O]. The mineralization of the western porphyry in the ore body is uniform, but the molybdenum grade is low, and the molybdenum content of 63% ore is 0.02% ~ 0.05%. The amount of molybdenum contained in 68% of the eastern ore is 0.02% to 0.03%. The average grade in the quartz-sericite surrounding rock varies greatly, accounting for 0.05% to 0.14% of molybdenum in 76% of the total ore.
In the analysis of the rough-choice tailings sample, it has been proved that there is a surface oxide layer on the molybdenite surface, which may be molybdenum-copper ore.
The Chuquicamata mine is open-pit mining and is currently the world's largest open-pit copper or open-pit copper-molybdenum mine. The total amount of daily stripping is 320kt, and the ratio of picking and stripping is (2.6~2.7):1. The mining volume is 84 kt/d. The grade control in the ore blending Cu≥1.9%, Mo≥0.05%, As≤0.08%.
The main useful minerals in the ore are chalcopyrite and pyrite, followed by chalcopyrite, copper blue, sulfur arsenic copper, clonite, porphyrite and molybdenite. After the chalcopyrite and pyrite will increase, the chalcopyrite will decrease, and the chemical composition of the ore is listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical composition of the raw material of Chuquicamata
element
Cu
Mo
Fe
As
content(%)
2.1
0.05
1.8
0.06
3. Process of the concentrator
The plant consists of copper-molybdenum ore mixed flotation, copper-molybdenum separation and molybdenum concentrate leaching and copper removal.
Copper-molybdenum mixed flotation: selected concentrate concentration 38%, fineness 60%-200 mesh mixed concentrate composition (average 1976) (copper 40.13%, iron 17.58%, molybdenum 0.87%, acid insoluble matter 6.98%, arsenic 0.71%) ). The molybdenum recovery rate is 65%~75%.
Copper-molybdenum separation: a process in which molybdenum is used to suppress copper and regrind. According to Shi Jichang et al., the process was re-milled once and the inhibitor was Anamol-D. According to Claude, the 16th Annual Meeting of the Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Claude introduced that the new mixing capacity is 3200t/d, and the process is re-milled in two stages (more than once between Fine I and Fine III). ), while Anamol-D changed to cooking-ferric cyanide after one year of application, reducing production costs. See Figure 1 and Figure 2. [next]
Figure 1 Chuquicamata copper-molybdenum mixed flotation process
Figure 2 Chuquicamata copper-molybdenum sorting process
Leaching: The mineral phase of copper in the Chuquicamata ore is mainly chalcopyrite. Dissolve it with sodium cyanide so that the final molybdenum concentrate has a content of ≤ 0.1%.
4. Copper-molybdenum sorting agent system
The pharmaceutical system is listed in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2 Anamol-D method of pharmaceutical system (g / t) (mixed)
Dosing point
Anamol-D
Fuel oil
Exfoam636
NaCN
ZnSO 4
Scrubbing machine
150
Rough selection
5000
Rough selection slot
1000
Fine I feed
1000
Fine II feed
500
25
Re-grinding
25
Fine III feed
350
Fine IV feed
350
15
Two-stage re-grinding
15
Fine V to mine
600
15
1000
500
Continuous leaching to mine
800
Batch leaching
400
Total
8800
215
30
2200
500
[next]
Table 3 Sodium ferrocyanide method (g/t) (mixed)
Add point
Sodium ferrocyanide
Sulfuric acid
Cooling tank
400
Rough selection
700
Rough selection slot
400
Fine I feed
100
50
Total
900
750
Note: (1) The type and dosage of the drug after the fine II is the same as the previous table;
(2) The addition of sulfuric acid maintains the pH in the slurry at around 8.0.
According to the two methods, the production cost of the ferrocyanide method is only 80% of the production cost of the Anamol-D method.
5, mineral processing indicators
The ore grade is 2.1%, 0.05% Mo, and the treatment capacity is 70 kt/d. The grade of coarse concentrate is 39%~43%Cu, 0.8%~1.2%Mo, 5%~8% insoluble matter. (Average grade in 1976: 40.73% Cu, 0.87% Mo, 17.58% Fe, 0.71% As, 6.98% insoluble). The copper concentrate grade is 40~42% Cu, and the copper recovery rate is 90%. Molybdenum concentrate (flotation) grade 51% ~ 53% Mo, 1% ~ 3% Cu. Molybdenum concentrate (after immersion) grade 54% ~ 56% Mo, 0.05% ~ 0.2% Cu.
The recovery rate of molybdenum from copper-molybdenum separation is 85%~91%. In 1976, the output was 7048 tons of molybdenum.
Copper-molybdenum separation of each operation product, rough selection of concentrate grade 7~15% Mo, 40~45% Cu; one concentrate concentrate 22%~30%Mo, 23%~28%Cu; second concentrate concentrate 34% ~37%Mo, 16%~20%Cu; three concentrates 39%~42%Mo, 8%~12.7%Cu; four concentrates 45%~48%Mo, 3%~6%Cu; Concentrate 51% ~ 53% Mo, 1% ~ 3% Cu.
The standard composition of molybdenum concentrate is listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Standard composition of Chuquicamata molybdenum concentrate
ingredient
Mo
(MoS 2 )
Cu
Fe
Insolubles
As
Na 2 O
K 2 O
P
content(%)
55.23
92.21
0.10
0.60
6.06
0.028
0.093
0.06
0.032
6. Introduction to the main equipment
Broken into three sections and one closed circuit. The coarse crushing is used for 1 set of 1.5m cone (processing 70kt/d), 1 set of ¢1.37m rotary crusher (processing 4kt/d, spare); 5 sets of ¢2135mm standard cone crusher for medium crushing ; 10 sets for fine crushing 2135mm short-head cone crusher; 10 sets of F-600 double-layer vibrating screen for screening.
Copper-molybdenum mixing: 12 grinding and capping series.
Grinding: 1 set of ×3.0×4.3m rod mill, 2 sets of ×3.0×3.7m ball mill, each ball mill and then a set of (4 sets) ¢510mm cyclone closed circuit.
Rough selection: nine series, 64-slot 1.lm 3 flotation machine per system; two series are 14-slot A-120 (8.9m 3 ) flotation machine per system; the other series is 6-slot B-120 type, 7-slot Denver (volume 8.5m 3 ) flotation machine.
Copper-molybdenum sorting: One section of re-grinding ¢1.2×2.4m Maxi grinding machine 2 sets and ¢150mm cyclone 8 closed circuit. The second section re-milled 2 sets of 1.2×2.4m Maxi grinding machine, and closed 8 sets of ¢100mm cyclone.
Concentrated leaching was carried out in two sets of 2.4 x 2.4 m stirred tanks. Four batches of 4.8×6.lm stirred tanks were used for batch leaching.