Crane refers to a certain range of vertical lifting and horizontal lifting of heavy lifting machinery. Crane, also known as crane. The main characteristics of the tire crane is: the driving cab and lifting control room combined, is evolved from a crawler crane, crawler crane), will walk mechanism of tracks and walking part of the stent into the tire chassis, overcome the crawler crane, crawler crane) crawler board of pavement caused by the destruction the shortcoming and belongs to the material handling machinery. Some working characteristic of the heavy equipment is intermittent exercise to do that in a working cycle of materials, transport and unloading action of the corresponding institutions is to alternate work, crane in the market of the development and the use of more and more widely. Because no leg lifting and hanging heavy driving often appear some accident, speed also a crawler crane, crawler crane); stable operation, great weight, in a specific range hoisting walk, but must ensure that the formation of a solid road, tire pressure meet the requirements, hanging from the ground shall not be more than 50cm; it is forbidden to load walk long distances. In order to ensure the safety of operation, at present, there is basically no lifting operation of supporting legs. Supporting the use of crane wire rope varieties including phosphating coating steel wire rope, galvanized wire rope and plain steel wire rope.
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classification
In the construction of the bridge crane in use, according to the structure and properties of different, generally can be divided into
For the light small Lifting Equipment, bridge type crane and boom type crane, four types of cable crane. Light small lifting heavy equipments such as: Jack, air hoist, electric hoist, hoist (also known as balance crane), winches, etc.. A type of bridge crane such as beam crane etc.. Boom type crane, such as fixed crane, tower crane, truck crane, tire crane, crawler crane, etc.. Cable crane, such as lift, etc..
According to the weight of the nature of points: mobile cranes, tower cranes, mast cranes.
By the driving mode: a concentrated drive, which uses a motor to drive the long drive shaft drive on both sides of the driving wheels; on the other class is respectively driven, is on both sides of the driving wheels to the a motor drive. Brake, reducer and motor are combined into one "triple a" driven by a small bridge crane in more, the weight of general overhead traveling crane for ease of installation and adjustment, driving device often used universal coupling.
According to the structure of the form, crane is mainly divided into light small lifting equipment, bridge (bridge and Gantry cranes, jib (self-propelled, tower, gantry type, type railway, pontoon, mast type crane), cable type.
1. light small lifting equipment
Light small lifting equipment is characterized by light, compact structure, simple operation, the scope of the project to point, line based. Light, small lifting equipment, generally only a lifting mechanism, it can only make a single lift heavy. Belong to this category are: Jack, pulley, hand (gas, electric hoist, winch etc.). Electric hoist is often equipped with a running trolley and metal frame to expand the scope of operation.
Electric hoist
CD1, MD1 series wire rope electric hoist system in the original CD, MD based on the improved products. The device has the advantages of compact structure, light weight, safety, reliability, high degree of commonality of parts and components, strong compatibility, high lifting capacity, convenient maintenance, etc., and is widely used.
The gourd has two types of fixed and trolley type. Fixed fixed foot in the upper, lower, left and right positions are divided into A1, A2, A3, A4 four types, can be installed directly on the frame, the car has a running function, can be installed on the track to use.
2. bridge crane
Can be used in the rectangular space and its operations, more for the workshop, warehouse, open yard and other items of loading and unloading, there are beam cranes, bridge cranes, cable cranes, bridge, etc..
(1) beam type crane: beam type crane mainly includes single girder bridge crane and double girder bridge crane
The single beam bridge crane used in the composite section I-shaped steel or steel and steel plate. Lifting trolley is often used as a hand hoist, electric hoist or hoist as a lifting body parts assembly.
The bridge is divided into supporting and hanging two. The former bridge along the beam of the vehicle crane orbit; the latter bridge along the hanging in the factory building roof truss crane rail operation. Single beam bridge crane breaking up, electric two. Manual single girder bridge cranes agencies work speed is low, the weight is small, but its quality is small, easy to organize production, low cost, suitable for no power move after the volume is small, the high requirement of speed and productivity occasions. Manual single girder bridge crane using manual monorail car as the car running, hand pulling hoist as lifting mechanism. The bridge from the main beam and side beam composition. The commonly used single beam, end beam is welded with steel plate or steel bending forming into.
Electric single beam bridge crane work speed, productivity is higher than the manual, the weight is also large. Electric single beam bridge from the bridge crane, crane traveling mechanism
(2) bridge crane:
Bridge crane is a bridge type crane running on the elevated track, also known as crane. Bridge crane bridge laying along the elevated track in the vertical sides of runs, heavy cart along the laying on the bridge transverse running track, constitute a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material, from the ground equipment hindered.
Bridge crane can enable hanging on hooks or other fetching device of heavy vertical lifting and horizontal movement in the space. Bridge crane, including: lifting mechanism, large and small car running mechanism. Depending on the coordination of the mechanism, the weight can be lifted and carried in a certain cubic space. Bridge cranes, loading and unloading bridge, bridge crane, cable crane and so on are such.
Bridge crane widely used in indoor and outdoor warehouses, factories, docks and open storage yard, etc.. Bridge crane can be divided into ordinary bridge crane, simple beam bridge crane and metallurgical special bridge crane three.
General by the general bridge crane lifting trolley and bridge operationorganization bridge metal structure. Lifting trolley is composed of three parts, the lifting mechanism, the trolley running mechanism and the small frame.
The hoisting mechanism comprises an electric motor, a brake, a speed reducer, a drum and a pulley block. The electric motor drives the drum to rotate through the speed reducer, so that the steel wire rope is wound on the drum or is dropped from the drum to lift the heavy object. Small frame is a support and installation of lifting bodies and car running institutions and other parts of the rack, usually for welding structure.
(3) the gantry crane gantry structure according to the general form, main form, form to classify the spreader. Generally used in port.
According to the door frame structure
(a) the whole gantry crane: the main beam without suspension, the car in the main span of the.
(b) semi portal crane: the legs are high or low, can be used in accordance with the requirements of the use of the site.
(c) double cantilever gantry crane: the most common form of structure, the structure of the force and the effective use of the site area are reasonable.
According to the structure of the main beam structure
(a) single girder gantry crane
Single girder cantilever gantry crane is simple in structure, easy to manufacture and installation, and its own quality is small. Compared with the double girder gantry crane, the overall stiffness is weaker. Therefore, when the weight is Q = 50t, S = 35m span, can use this form. Single beam gantry legs to C type and L type two forms of L type of convenient manufacture and installation, good stress condition, its smaller mass, but to lift goods through the legs of the space is relatively small. The C shaped support legs are bent or bent, and the purpose is to have a larger transverse space so as to enable the goods to pass through the supporting legs.
(b) double beam bridge crane
Double girder overhead traveling crane is composed of straight rail, crane girder, lifting trolley, power supply system and electrical control system, which is especially suitable for large scale suspension and large range of weight.
Double beam bridge crane bearing capacity is strong, span is big, the overall stability is good, many varieties, but its quality with the same play weight of single girder gantry crane compared to larger, the construction cost is also high. According to the different structure of the main beam, it can be divided into two types of box girder and truss. Generally use box structure.
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In recent years, host companies have been slashing price cuts, especially since 2006, and price reductions have become a promotional weapon frequently offered by vehicle manufacturers. The deeper and lower price whirlpool not only deeply involved vehicle manufacturers, but also quickly affected the fish. Under the influence of vehicle manufacturers, the upstream components manufacturers, such as bearings, gears, hydraulic components, and standard parts, began to get worse. The more you feel the pain of passive price cuts.
Although parts and components manufacturers generally report that they are in an unequal position with the main engine plant and lack an effective dialogue mechanism, in spite of the dual pressures of the OEM price reduction and raw material price increase, although the profit margin has become smaller and smaller, most parts and components Manufacturers are still arbitrarily pleasing their ambitions. They dare not to speak out, but they do not dare not to supply them. They fear that they will lose their qualifications and future markets.
Survival in the gap between parts and components companies
"It should be said that the days of all parts and components manufacturers are very sad." A car bearing company general manager Lu Lu told the author that the profits of parts and components in previous years were still very substantial. Now, the automaker is pushing down prices too much and he has to force his company to strengthen management and improve technology. "Anyway, if foreigners can withstand it, we must also hold it. Perhaps after this round of price wars, we will eliminate a batch of bad parts factories. Naturally, we will develop a number of factories that can stand up."
With a price reduction of several tens of thousands of yuan, vehicle manufacturers play a leading role in the market because they control market access, product brands and technical standards. Therefore, once the car prices drop, the component manufacturers naturally have to actively follow-up, otherwise, wait until the vehicle factory proposes to change the supporting factory, and then it will be too late to act.
In the past, vehicle manufacturers required component parts to drop by several percentage points each year when purchasing parts and components. However, last year's continuous price cuts in vehicle prices caused most vehicle companies to pass most of their pressure on parts suppliers. For example, the price of a certain brand of Pistons was 110 yuan in May last year, but now it is only 90 yuan, a drop of nearly 20%.
"The ship was hit by the wind again." In the case of parts and components companies that are not allowed to constantly lower product prices, the prices of raw materials such as steel, oil, and coal continue to rise recently. Taking steel as an example, the current domestic market price of hot-rolled plates has reached 3,800 yuan (US$458/ton). Including tax), the medium board price also reached 4100 yuan (494 US dollars / ton). In addition, price fluctuations in aluminum and other raw materials also affect automotive and parts companies. Transport costs are also rising. The situation of power shortage may also further cause the price of electricity to rise. At the same time, there is limited room for other cost reductions. The space for reducing the cost of various quality assurance systems is negligible, but it cannot be done at the expense of the quality of the product. It is not worth the Spare Parts manufacturers. As a result, companies are under two pressures. The price of the main engine plant and the price of raw materials are the same as the "hamburger". We call it the "hamburger effect."
Parts companies fall into a strange circle
Most of China's parts and components companies rely on complete machines and vehicle production plants, and they are in a passive and service position. In foreign countries, the parts factory has its own development capability. When the main engine manufacturer develops new products, it depends on the spare parts supplier. This is the main gap between domestic and foreign spare parts enterprises. According to the author's understanding, cooperation with well-known domestic parts and components manufacturers and vehicle manufacturers will generally sign a framework agreement of three or four years or more. Both parties sign a contract each year, according to the decreasing cost of spare parts, scale expansion and production efficiency. To increase, there are three or five points of price reduction for the parts and components supplier each year, and the number of points of decline is agreed by both parties. However, as the owner of the factory, the contractor will often request a renegotiation of the supply price every year. It may even require the parts and components supplier to make a significant price reduction. At present, in cooperation with the host plant, the host plant often does not comply with the requirements of the contract, and frequently requests for lowering the purchase price. This is a common phenomenon in the spare parts industry. It is worth noting that many companies have made a fuss about raw materials and processes to reduce costs, leading to a decline in the quality of parts and components.
Parts companies should pay attention to independent development
The weak development capability is a big problem for Chinese parts and components companies. In the absence of development capabilities, most Chinese parts and components companies lack intellectual property rights and can only process according to plans and earn some hard money. An industry expert believes that parts and components suppliers only have to enter the complete process from the market to manufacturing, from manufacturing to development, and form an independent development system and independent development capabilities in the process of transformation, and form an independent development team, so that they can eventually become competitive. Hunan Jiangbin Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd. is a successful model in introducing, digesting, and absorbing advanced foreign technology. The company is a professional company that produces and operates engine pistons. In the 1980s, the company introduced a full set of piston processing technology from the German Mahler company. Through more than 20 years of digestion, absorption, and bold innovation, it has achieved initial results. Now, the company has domestic first-class piston processing technology, and some of the technologies have reached the international advanced level, and the ability to participate in market competition has been significantly enhanced.
Internationally, vehicle manufacturers and parts suppliers are in an equal relationship with each other. In China, this relationship is currently expressed as the relationship between the "parent and child." The prosperity of the whole machine and vehicle companies must be supported by the parts and components factory. The price reduction of the entire vehicle and even the whole machine cannot be sacrificed at the expense of the interest of the parts and components companies. The whole machine, automakers and supporting plants take a “win-win†road. To build a strong strategic partnership in the future is of far-reaching significance. 